［Abstract］　Children′s mouth breathing and snoring have increasingly attracted the attention from their parents. At the same time, more and more doctors, particularly orthodontists, have gradually realized the relationship between sleep snoring, mouth breathing and pediatric obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS). The main reason for children′s mouth breathing is the obstruction of the upper airway caused by adenoidal hypertrophy or tonsil hypertrophy, which occurs quite often among the children. Not only it may induce sleep and breathing disturbances in severe cases, but also it will lead to dentofacial growth anomaly, defined as so-called “adenoid facies” in the children who suffer from the adenoidal hypertrophy, keeping mouth breathing as a habit for a long period. Therefore, early diagnosis and intervention of obstructive mouth breathing are of vital importance for the children′s normal craniofacial development. This article introduces various diagnostic methods for children′s obstructive mouth breathing in detail, and help doctors perform the suitable sequent treatments for the children.]]> 2018/11/22 14:41:33 DU Chang-xin, ZHU Min, YU Qian, et al. 5true ［Abstract］　Objective　To observe the three-dimensional morphology of the upper airway and the changes of the upper airway following treatment of rapid maxillary arch expansion using cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT). Methods　20 cases of juveniles with maldevelopment of maxilla(the maxillary maldevelopment group) and 20 cases of juveniles with normal jaw development(the jaw normal group) were randomly selected and CBCT was taken in them. Dolphin software was used for reconstruction of the data, point and establishment of three-dimensional coordinate system. The distance from the mark points to the plane coordinate was measured. The median sagittal plane of the hard palate and soft palate edge of the plane and the epiglottis top plane of the sagittal diameter, coronary diameter, cross-sectional area, the segment volume and the total volume were measured. SPSS Software Package was used for data analysis and t-test was used for statistical analysis and comparison of the upper airway and maxillary hard tissues between the jaw normal group and the maxillary maldevelopment group. 21 adolescent patients with Class Ⅲ malocclusion of the maxillary maldevelopment were selected and all the patients were treated with rapid arch dilation and CBCT was taken before and after the correction. The three dimensional changes of the airway were compared before and after treatment. Results　Compared with those in the jaw normal group, the values of the upper airway of the hard palate plane, the soft palate edge plane of the sagittal diameter, coronary diameter and nasopharynx, palatal pharyngeal segment volume, and the total volume were significantly reduced in the maxillary maldevelopment group（P<0.05）. There was no significant difference in the measured value of glossopharyngeum region between the two groups（P>0.05）. The measured values of maxillary length, width and height in the maxillary maldevelopment group were lower than those in the normal group, which indicated that the maxillary development of three dimension in the maxillary maldevelopment group was less than that in the normal group. After rapid arch extension combined with forward traction in the patients with maxillary dysplasia, the sagittal and transverse diameters of the airway nasopharyngeal segment were enlarged, and the palatal pharynx segment and lingual pharynx segment were not obviously changed, and the upper airway sections had no differences before and after the height correction. The cross-sectional area of nasopharyngeal segment was significantly increased, but there was no change in the palatopharyngeal segment, and there were significant differences in the nasopharyngeal segment volume and total volume before and after the correction. Conclusion　　In the juveniles with maldevelopment of maxilla, the morphological structure of the upper airway is correlated with the surrounding jaw tissues. After rapid expansion of the upper jaw, the sagittal diameter of the nasal passages, the cross-section, the area and the volume increase, which may be the results of the rapid expansion of the maxilla and the width of the nasal cavity, and which changes the gap of the airway, so that the air in the upper airway can be improved, providing a certain treatment reference for the OSAHS patients with maldevelopment of maxilla.]]> 2018/11/22 14:41:33 LOU Shan, LIU Ying-ying, LUO Chun-hua, et al. 4true ［Abstract］　Objective　To explore the treatment effect of distraction osteogenesis(DO) on patients with micrognathia associated with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS). Methods　10 adult patients diagnosed with micrognathia associated with severe OSAHS were collected as the research subjects and were treated with distraction osteogenesis in our hospital between January 2015 and December 2017. The appearance, apnea hyponea index(AHI), lowest oxygen saturation, narrowest upper airway diameter and chin position were observed before and after treatment. Results　The subjective symptoms of choking in sleep and daytime sleepiness in the 10 patients were eliminated. The facial appearance improved significantly, and the lowest oxygen saturation was increased to the normal range in all the patients. The AHI indexes of 9 patients were all below 5, and the narrowest upper airway diameter was significantly enlarged, and the mean advancement of menton was （15.72±2.94） mm. Conclusion　　DO is a very stable and effective treatment method for severe OSAHS caused by micrognathia.]]> 2018/11/22 14:41:33 ZONG Chun-lin, MA Qin, SU Zhong-ping, et al. 3true ［Abstract］　Objective　To study the changes in sleep structure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea disorder（OSAD） after wearing an oral appliance. Methods　61 OSAD patients receiving oral appliance therapy were performed polysomnography before and after the treatment. The patients were divided into success group(52 cases) and failure group(9 cases). The percentages of sleep stages were compared before and after treatment in the two groups and the clinical effect was compared between the two groups. Results　In the success group, there were significant differences in S₃, AI, HI, AHI, LSpO₂ and the longest time of apnea before and after treatments（P<0.05）. In the failure group, there were significant differences in AHI and the longest time of apnea before and after treatments（P<0.05）. There were significant differences in the respiratory parameters of AI, AHI and LSpO₂ between the success group and the failure group after treatment（P<0.05）. Conclusion　　The percentage of the patients with successful treatment for OSAD increases slightly after they wear the oral appliances.]]> 2018/11/22 14:41:33 HUANG Min-fang, ZHOU Yan, LIU Jian-hong, et al. 2true ［Abstract］　Objective　To explore the clinical application value of passive nasal breathing polysomnography in diagnosis of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS). Methods　The monitoring results of mouth breathing and closed lips passive nasal breathing polysomnography were compared in the same child. Results　The polysomnographic parameters of respiratory apnea hypopnea index(AHI), obstructive apnea index(OAI) were higher and lowest oxygen saturation of blood(LSaO₂) was lower in the children with closed lips passive nasal breathing than those in the children with mouth breathing. Conclusion　　Polysomnography under mouth breathing condition conceals the severity of OSAHS in chlidren. Closed lips passive nasal breathing polysomnography is a possible way to improve the positive detection rate of pediatric OSAHS.]]> 2018/11/22 14:41:33 WANG Min-jiao, XU Shu-hua, DU Chang-xin, et al. 1true