［Abstract］　Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main pathogen causing death in children under 5 years old, and is also the most common pathogen of severe pneumonia and necrotizing pneumonia. The resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to commonly used antibacterial agents, especially macrolides, is becoming more and more serious, but the pathogen detection is still a problem: traditional bacterial culture and isolation methods and modern molecular biology technology can not meet the rapid, accurate, safe and inexpensive requirements in clinical practice. How to identify Streptococcus pneumoniae accurately, use antimicrobial agents rationally, reduce drug resistance and popularize Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccination is a major challenge for pediatricians. In this paper, the progress of clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia is reviewed.]]> 2021/4/2 14:58:34 WEN Zhi-hong 7true ［Abstract］　Human papillomavirus(HPV) infection is one of the most common viral infections in the world. It is widely spread among people of different races, genders, and ages. Besides cervical cancer in women, high-risk HPV infection can also cause HPV-related cancers such as penile, anal and oral cancers. Low-risk and cutaneous HPV infections can cause anogenital warts, cutaneous warts, respiratory papillomatosis and other related diseases, which are major public health problems in the world, especially in developing countries. Diseases caused by HPV infection can be treated with different treatments according to the condition of the diseases, including surgery, laser, photodynamic therapy, and medication. Universal access to HPV vaccines in developing countries is essential to cervical cancer prevention and control. The therapeutic effects of HPV vaccines on a variety of HPV-related skin and mucosal diseases are still being studied.]]> 2021/4/2 14:58:34 HUANG Dan, WANG Zi-wei, JU Mei 6true ［Abstract］　Chronic hepatitis B virus infection and its related liver diseases are still important public health problems in China. At present, nucleos(t)ide analogs are the first-line antiviral drugs, but the safety of their long-term use has also aroused widespread concern of clinicians. Recently, the annual meeting of the Asian-Pacific Association for the Study of Liver(APASL) reported that long-term treatment of tenofovir alafenamide fumarate was associated with the elevated level of low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C). It is of great clinical significance to carefully evaluate the dyslipidemia in the course of antiviral therapy, to explore its influence on the risk of occurrence of end-stage liver disease and to put forward the coping strategies.]]> 2021/4/2 14:58:34 GAO Yuan, LI Gui-xin, CHEN Hong-song, et al. 5true ［Abstract］　Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important pathogen causing community-acquired and nosocomial infections. Carbapenems are important antibiotics in the treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae severe infection, and the isolation rate of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(CR-KP) is increasing year by year, which indicates that the antibiotics resistance of CR-KP is becoming more and more serious. CR-KP can lead to carbapenem resistance through the production of β-lactamase, the change of porin and the increase of efflux pump activity. At present, the molecular detection methods include polymerase chain reaction(PCR), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF MS), next generation sequencing and loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP) technology, but some of them have not been used in clinical practice. It is essential to understand the drug-resistant mechanism of CR-KP and to improve the detection method.]]> 2021/4/2 14:58:35 LI Zi-yao, LU Bing-huai 4true ［Abstract］　Non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease(NTM-PD) is the most common infectious disease of non-tuberculous mycobacteria, but the misdiagnosis rate is high.In recent years, studies reveal that both the incidence and the prevalence of NTM-PD show a gradual upward trend. The symptoms and signs of NTM-PD are not specific. The main computed tomography(CT) findings are bronchiectasis, nodules, cavities and consolidations in the lungs, often with multiple CT manifestations. Since non-tuberculous mycobacteria are ubiquitous in nature and are prone to contaminating specimens and colonizing in human respiratory tract, a single positive isolation of non-tuberculous mycobacteria from a respiratory tract specimen can not be used as the evidence to confirm the diagnosis of NTM-PD. At present, the diagnostic criteria for NTM-PD still follow the American Thoracic Society(ATS)/Infectious Diseases Society of America(IDSA) statement of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of NTM diseases issued by the ATS and the IDSA in 2007. The diagnostic criteria require respiratory symptoms, lung CT findings and microbiological examination to meet the diagnostic requirements. In this paper, we review the research progress of NTM-PD.]]> 2021/2/3 9:17:59 QIN Zhi-qiang, MA Gang 3true ［Abstract］　Metagenomics next generation sequencing(mNGS) is increasingly being used in clinical laboratory diagnosis. This paper discusses the current implementation of this new technique for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, and discusses the feasibility of transforming mNGS into routine diagnostic techniques. Many studies show that mNGS can directly identify common, rare and co-infection pathogens from clinical specimens and solve the problem of antibiotic resistance, providing new diagnostic evidence that can be used to guide treatment regimens and improve antibiotic management. mNGS is an important means to solve the problem of clinical infections, and this technology will be widely accepted in clinical practice.]]> 2021/2/3 9:17:59 SUN Bo, ZHENG Guang-hui, GAO Yang, et al. 2true ［Abstract］　Tuberculosis is a major public health problem facing the world. Early and rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is crucial to improving the treatment effect of tuberculosis patients and can effectively interrupt the transmission of tuberculosis from person to person. Lack of diagnostic capacity for tuberculosis is the root cause leading to the lower discovering and reporting rates of the disease, especially when the patients are faced with a series of problems such as transportation and economic burden, which further aggravates the missed diagnosis of the patients. However, the traditional laboratory detection methods for Mycobacterium tuberculosis can no longer meet the actual clinical needs. It is urgent to use and promote new diagnostic techniques in countries with high tuberculosis burden. In recent years, with the development of emerging technologies such as immunology, molecular biology and mass spectrometry, a number of rapid detection products of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have emerged. This paper reviews and analyzes different types of laboratory products and techniques for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.]]> 2021/2/3 9:17:59 PANG Yu, WANG Yu-feng, GAO Xing-hui, et al. 1true