［Abstract］　The severity of acute pulmonary embolism(APE) affects the prognosis and death risk of the patients. Risk stratification based on the patients′ conditions can guide clinical decision-making. The initial risk stratification is based on the clinical symptoms and signs of hemodynamic instability. These symptoms and signs indicate a high risk of death in the early stage of APE. In APE patients with stable hemodynamics, further(advanced) risk assessment is needed. Detailed risk stratification and prognosis assessment can help to manage the patients more reasonably and accurately. The Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Pulmonary Thromboembolism jointly issued by the Chinese Thoracic Society and the Chinese Association of Chest Physicians in April 2018 and 2019 the European Society of Cardiology(ESC) Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society(ERS) further determine the decision-making role of risk stratification in clinical practice. Based on the above guidelines and related research progress, this paper reviews the role of risk stratification and prognosis assessment in clinical decision-making of pulmonary embolism.]]> 2021/5/8 18:36:31 LI De-zhi, ZHU Ling 3true ［Abstract］　Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF) is the most common type of idiopathic interstitial lung diseases and has the worst prognosis.Early diagnosis and early treatment are the key measures to improve the patients′ prognoses.Lung biopsy is usually required to assist diagnosis when the findings on chest high-resolution computed tomography(HRCT) are not typical “usual interstitial pneumonia(UIP) pattern”. Surgical lung biopsy(SLB) can obtain enough samples, and is the gold standard for obtaining lung histological samples. However, SLB may results in acute exacerbation of IPF and even death. Trans-bronchial lung cryobiopsy(TBLC) can be an alternative to SLB, because it can get large volume samples, well-preserved lung tissues and relatively high diagnosis rate, and its risk of death is lower than that of SLB. However, further studies are required to confirm these findings. Traditional transbronchial lung biopsy and percutaneous lung biopsy have inherent limitations, so they are rarely used in the clinical diagnosis of IPF.]]> 2021/5/8 18:36:31 HAN Qian, LUO Qun 2true ［Abstract］　High-flow nasal cannula(HFNC) is widely used in the treatment of acute respiratory failure, and can improve the patients′ oxygenation, work of breath and air distribution in the lungs. HFNC provides the patients with high concentration of oxygen, humidified inhaled oxygen and high-flow rate of oxygen by adjusting the three parameters of oxygen concentration, humidifier temperature and inspired gas flow. Too low gas temperature deteriorates the airway mucociliary function while too high gas temperature discomforts the patients. The low gas flow not only reduces the inspired oxygen concentration, but also makes the improvement of work of breath limited. In order to ensure the best therapeutic effect and meet the comfort of the patients, the oxygen concentration is adjusted according to the targeted oxygen saturation, and the humidifier temperature is generally set at 34-35℃, and the gas flow rate is generally set at 60 L/min or the maximum tolerated flow rate of the patients. The parameters setting of HFNC needs to be individualized according to the patient′s condition and individual tolerance.]]> 2021/5/8 18:36:31 QIN Zhi-qiang 1true