［Abstract］　The limitations of traditional detection means of respiratory pathogens make clinical diagnosis and therapeutic medication difficult. The multiple joint detection products have high timeliness for respiratory tract infection. They can identify infections as soon as possible, and guide the rational use of anti-infective drugs. A variety of portable(rapid) diagnostic technology products are developing rapidly and have broad prospects for clinical application. The detection of pathogens in respiratory tract infection by metagenomics next-generation sequencing(mNGS) is extensive and informative, which plays a very important role in the early detection of respiratory pathogens, especially in the rapid diagnosis of a novel infectious disease. New rapid detection technologies such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)-based nucleic acid assay, third-generation sequencing technology and gene chip test have showed new detection directions for the diagnosis of respiratory pathogens.]]> 2022/11/2 11:21:28 CHEN Shu-ying, YU Fang-you 8true ［Abstract］　Drug-resistant tuberculosis is a major public health problem in China. The continuous development of molecular diagnostic technology has promoted the early diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis patients, but the interpretation of the results of different drug resistance-related gene mutation types has become the primary challenge in the field of molecular drug resistance diagnosis. In 2021, World Health Organization published Catalogue of Mutations in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex and Their Association with Drug Resistance, aiming to standardize the interpretation of molecular drug resistance results of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, especially to conduct in-depth analysis of mutation information obtained by Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains based on the next generation sequencing technology, so as to provide more accurate drug resistance detection report for clinical use. It also lays a foundation for the popularization and use of molecular diagnostic technology for drug-resistant tuberculosis in China.]]> 2022/11/2 11:21:28 WANG Yu-feng, PANG Yu 7true ［Abstract］　The overuse of antibiotics accelerates the development of bacterial drug resistance. At present, bacterial drug resistance has become one of the important factors threatening global public health. The detection techniques of bacterial drug resistance include classical methods of broth dilution, agar dilution, disk diffusion and concentration gradient. Subsequently, a series of physical-chemical methods and molecular biology detection techniques emerge, including microfluidic image detection, time-of-flight mass spectrometry and other techniques. With the update of high-throughput sequencing technology, and the development and improvement of various bacterial drug-resistant genes databases, new technologies have been gradually applied in the field of bacterial drug resistance detection such as whole genome sequencing, metagenomic sequencing and microbial single-cell transcriptome sequencing. In this paper, the detection methods of bacterial drug resistance are divided into three categories: traditional classical methods, molecular biology techniques and high-throughput sequencing techniques, and the principles, advantages, and limitations of the technologies mentioned above are described. Reviewing and reflecting on the current techniques and methods of bacterial drug resistance detection is essential for standardizing the use of antibiotics and also for providing new technical support for the prevention and monitoring of clinical super-resistant bacteria.]]> 2022/11/2 11:21:28 JIANG Gui-lai, YU Shu-yang, YU Wan-qian, et al. 6true ［Abstract］　Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) is a molecular biology technique used to amplify certain fragments of deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA). It is a common and indispensable technique that has been used in many fields, especially in clinical laboratories. Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction(ddPCR) is a third-generation PCR, which is a biotechnology obtained by improving the conventional PCR method, and can be used to directly quantify and clonally amplify DNA.Droplet digital PCR is now widely used for low-abundance nucleic acid detection, which can be used for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. This paper introduces the development and principle of ddPCR detection means, summarizes its potential advantages in the clinical diagnosis of viral diseases, bacterial diseases and fungal diseases, and draws the conclusion that ddPCR is more sensitive and accurate and repeatable for the detection of low-abundance pathogens, and may be a better choice than quantitative PCR in future clinical applications.]]> 2022/11/2 11:21:28 ZHOU Yu-lin, LIU Yan, XIA Yong, et al. 5true ［Abstract］　Multidrug-resistant bacteria have become a major public health problem threatening human health worldwide. Improving the ability of identification and treatment effects of multidrug-resistant bacteria infections is still the key measures to deal with multidrug-resistant bacteria in clinical practice. Exploring some new alternative therapies(e.g. bacteriophage) according to different drug-resistant mechanisms is expected to be a breakthrough technology to deal with multidrug-resistant bacteria in the future. This paper reviews the epidemiology, drug-resistant mechanisms and treatments of multidrug-resistant bacteria, as well as their new alternative treatment methods, so as to provide important reference for clinical identification and treatment of multidrug-resistant bacteria.]]> 2022/11/2 11:21:28 SUN Li-qin, LIU Jia-ye, WANG Hui, et al. 4true ［Abstract］　Objective　To analyse the application value of the combined detection of the three methods of acid fast bacteria stain(smear method), T-cell spot of tuberculosis assay(T-SPOT.TB) and GeneXpert MTB/RIF in diagnosis of tuberculosis. Methods　The results of the smear method, T-SPOT.TB and GeneXpert MTB/RIF were retrospectively analyzed in the patients with clinically suspected Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection who were admitted to the People′s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region from December 2021 to September 2022 and received the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by using the three methods at the same time. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy rate of the above three methods and the joint detection of the two of the three methods were calculated by using the clinical diagnosis results as the gold standard. The diagnostic value of single and combined detection of the three detection methods in tuberculosis was analyzed. Results　Of the 298 suspected tuberculosis patients, 74 patients were clinically diagnosed as tuberculosis in the end and 193 patients as non-tuberculosis, and 31 patients were excluded. The detection sensitivity of the smear method, T-SPOT.TB and GeneXpert MTB/RIF was 43.2%, 94.6% and 63.5%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant among the three detection methods(χ²=44.861, P=0.000). The detection specificity of T-SPOT.TB was lower than that of the smear method and GeneXpert MTB/RIF, and the differences were statistically significant(χ²=74.861, P=0.000; χ²=78.162, P=0.000). There was a statistically significant difference in the detection accuracy rate among the three methods(χ²=23.468, P=0.000). There was a statistically significant difference in the detection sensitivity between the smear method combined with T-SPOT.TB and the smear method(χ²=45.548, P=0.000). There was a statistically significant difference in the detection sensitivity between the smear method combined with GeneXpert MTB/RIF and the smear method(χ²=6.965, P=0.008). Conclusion　In the diagnosis of tuberculosis, the accuracy rates of GeneXpert MTB/RIF and the smear method are higher than the accuracy rate of T-SPOT.TB. The detection sensitivity of T-SPOT.TB or GeneXpert MTB/RIF is significantly higher than that of the smear method. Using T-SPOT. TB or GeneXpert MTB/RIF combined with the smear method can significantly improve the sensitivity of the diagnosis of tuberculosis. The combined detection methods are recommended to improve the efficiency of the clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis.]]> 2022/11/2 11:21:28 ZHAO Li, HU Li-mei, YUAN Yu-lin, et al. 3true ［Abstract］　Objective　To explore the clinical application of peptide nucleic acid-fluorescence in situ hybridization(PNA-FISH) and matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF MS) in rapid identification of Candida albicans. Methods　One hundred strains of Candida albicans were identified by VITEK 2 Compact automatic bacteria identification instrument YST card, and simulated positive samples by blood culture were used. The positive samples were identified by PNA-FISH directly. A single fresh colony was transferred and cultured to complete MALDI-TOF MS identification. The results of identifying Candida albicans and the average identification time were compared between the two methods. The coincidence rate between the methods and VITEK 2 Compact automatic bacterial system in identifying Candida albicans were calculated. Results　In the 100 simulated blood culture samples of Candida albicans, the coincidence rate between the identification result of PNA-FISH and that of VITEK 2 Compact automatic bacterial identification method was 98%, and the average identification time was (2.5±0.5)hours. MALDI-TOF MS was used to identify the single fresh colony, which was isolated from positive samples. The coincidence rate between the identification result of MALDI-TOF MS and that of VITEK 2 Compact automatic bacterial identification method was 100%. The average identification time was (22.0±0.6) hours from the time of positive blood culture. Conclusion　The equipments required for the PNA-FISH method are simple but its identification results are reliable. Compared with that of the traditional identification methods and MALDI-TOF MS method, the identification time of the PNA-FISH method is significantly shortened and the PNA-FISH method has a better clinical application prospect.]]> 2022/11/2 11:21:28 YANG Chun-li, REN Bao-jun, XU Yue-xuan, et al. 2true ［Abstract］　Objective　There are no standardized guidelines for the pretreatment methods of filamentous fungi by mass spectrometry, and the key to the experiment is to find efficient pretreatment methods. This study explores the best pretreatment method suitable for the identification of Aspergillus by mass spectrometry using VITEK MS as the platform. Methods　One hundred and fourteen non-repetitive Aspergillus strains were collected from Guangdong Provincial People′s Hospital during January 2021 and December 2021, which were clinically isolated in the hospital and sequenced and 3 standard Aspergillus strains were collected. The 117 Aspergillus strains were detected by mass spectrometry after pre-treatment using magnetic bead grinding method, freezing grinding method and formic acid extraction method, respectively. The differences in the identification rate, confidence level, peak number, time consumption and map quality were compared among the different pre-processing methods. Results　The identification rates of the 117 Aspergillus strains by mass spectrometry were 90.60%, 61.54% and 57.26% respectively after pre-treatment with magnetic bead grinding, freezing grinding and formic acid extraction. The identification rate of magnetic bead grinding was significantly higher than that of the other two methods(P<0.001), and the identification ability of magnetic bead grinding was the best. The confidence level and number of peaks obtained by this method were also higher than those obtained by the other two methods(P<0.05). The number, intensity and density of protein characteristic peaks obtained by this method were more, and the confidence level and map quality of the results obtained by this method were better than those obtained by the other two methods. Conclusion　The identification of Aspergillus by mass spectrometry after pre-treatment with magnetic bead grinding method can obtain ideal identification effect and protein map quality, which is suitable for the identification of Aspergillus by mass spectrometry in conventional laboratories.]]> 2022/11/2 11:21:28 YUAN Kai-xuan,OUYANG Feng, LIU Hong-ling, et al. 1true