［Abstract］　Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing(M100, the 35th Edition) was released on January 27, 2025, with important updates in terms of methodological status changes, breakpoint adjustments and internal quality control. Regarding the conceptual and methodological changes, the document M100(the 35th Edition) defines all the Staphylococcus species of coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive staphylococci(excluding Staphylococcus aureus complex) as staphylococci other than Staphylococcus aureus(SOSA). This definition emphasizes SOSA, whose core purpose is to facilitate precise diagnosis and treatment, antimicrobial resistance management and other aspects. The document M100(the 35th Edition) explicitly defines the disk diffusion method as a standard method. The modification of the breakpoint criteria mainly involves Acinetobacter species and Burkholderia cepacia complex. For the quality control, the principle of Individualized Quality Control Plan(IQCP) is introduced. The above-mentioned updates are of great significance for the development of precision in clinical microbiology.]]> 2025/7/31 0:00:00 1, LI Xiang², ZHANG Qiuying³, ZHU Congzhi⁴, NING Yongzhong²]]> ZHANG Lijun¹, LI Xiang², ZHANG Qiuying³, ZHU Congzhi⁴, NING Yongzhong² 18true ［Abstract］　Premature ovarian insufficiency(POI) is a clinical syndrome characterized by ovarian dysfunction in women before the age of 40 years. It can manifest as abnormal menstruation, infertility and low estrogen symptoms. Moreover, it increases the occurrence risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis, seriously affecting women′s reproductive health and quality of life. In recent years, the incidence of POI has been on the rise. The etiology of POI is complex and involves multiple mechanisms such as genetics, autoimmunity, iatrogenic injury and idiopathic factors. Although hormone replacement therapy can alleviate the symptoms of POI and improve the patients′ quality of life, there are still no effective treatment strategies for the recovery of the patients′ fertility. Based on the latest papers Evidence-Based Guideline: Premature Ovarian Insufficiency published by Human Reproduction Open in 2024 and Chinese Expert Consensus on Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Premature Ovarian Insufficiency(2023 Edition), combined with new research progress, this paper analyzes the etiology, diagnosis, treatment strategies and long-term management of POI, with the aim of providing guidance for the early diagnosis and treatment of POI in clinical practice.]]> 2025/7/4 11:15:38 PU Danhua, WU Jie 17true ［Abstract］　Induced abortion is a common measure for terminating a pregnancy after contraceptive failure or giving up the continuation of the pregnancy. The operation is an invasive procedure. Aspiration and scraping of the endometrium, bleeding, infection, and secondary surgery for the residual endometrium can cause damage to the endometrium, leading to endometrial repair disorders, intrauterine adhesions and cervical canal adhesions, and thus increasing the incidence of infertility. In order to improve the fertility of the female population, the Family Planning Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, in conjunction with the Special Committee on Reproductive Endocrinology of the China Medical Education Association, organised relevant experts to compile Expert Consensus on Promoting Endometrial Repair after Induced Abortion. This paper provides a detailed interpretation of the consensus regarding the causes of endometrial damage, high-risk populations, repair methods, and preventive measures.]]> 2025/7/4 11:15:38 WU Yihan, CHEN Jiming 16true ［Abstract］　Recurrent spontaneous abortion(RSA) is an important issue affecting women′s reproductive health. The occurrence of RSA not only has a negative impact on women′s physical and psychological health, but also imposes a heavy burden on families and society. With the deepening of research on RSA, various countries have successively updated multiple guidelines in order to provide scientific basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment. This paper aims to comprehensively interpret the expert consensus on diagnosis and management of recurrent spontaneous abortion(2022), the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology(ESHRE) guideline: recurrent pregnancy loss(2022), the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists guideline: recurrent miscariage(2023), and Australasian recurrent pregnancy loss clinical management guideline 2024 part Ⅰ and comparatively analyzes the differences and consensuses in the etiology, diagnosis and treatment plans of RSA among different countries and regions, and explores the core contents and clinical applications of each guideline, providing reference and guidance for clinical practice, promoting the understanding and management of RSA in various clinical and research institutions, and improving the reproductive health level of the women.]]> 2025/7/4 11:15:38 ZHANG Shuyun, ZHANG Hong 15true ［Abstract］　Menopause is a landmark event of ovarian failure. During the process of ovarian failure, the fluctuating decline levels and deficiency of estrogen can lead to a series of menopausal symptoms and increase the risk of many metabolic diseases, having a significant impact on the affected women′s long-term health risks and quality of life. Menopause management needs the prevention of long-term chronic diseases while alleviating menopause-related symptoms. Between 2023 and 2024, the Menopausal Study Group of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics(FIGO), and the International Menopause Society(IMS) successively released Chinese Guidelines for Menopause Management and Menopausal Hormone Therapy, 2023 Edition, the FIGO Position Statement: How to Explain the Advantages and Disadvantages of Menopausal Hormone Therapy for Postmenopausal Women and the 2024 White Paper of the International Menopause Society on Core Disputes of Menopause and Menopausal Hormone Therapy, which are 3 papers of important literature on menopause and menopausal hormone therapy. This paper conducts a comprehensive interpretation based on the core points of the above three papers, with the aim of helping clinicians understand the progress of the discipline and better manage, prevent and treat menopause-related symptoms and diseases.]]> 2025/6/5 10:27:59 HUANG Feiling, CHEN Rong 14true ［Abstract］　At present, metabolic disorders centered on insulin resistance(IR) are regarded as an important pathophysiological basis in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS). Therefore, IR has received increasing attention in the diagnosis and treatment of PCOS. However, there are no unified consensuses on the diagnosis and treatment of PCOS complicated with IR at home and abroad. Consensus on the Diagnosis and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome with Insulin Resistance published in Journal of Reproductive Medicine in 2024 fills the gap in this field. The guideline generalizes and updates the influence of IR on PCOS, the assessment and diagnosis of IR, and the treatment of PCOS complicated with IR, providing relevant suggestions for the diagnosis screening and treatment management of PCOS complicated with IR. This paper provides a detailed interpretation on Consensus on the Diagnosis and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome with Insulin Resistance(2024 Edition), with the aim of improving the standardized diagnosis and treatment level of PCOS complicated with IR.]]> 2025/6/5 10:27:59 DING Leilei, TIAN Qinjie 13true ［Abstract］　Abnormal uterine bleeding(AUB) during puberty is most commonly caused by ovulatory dysfunction(AUB-O) and coagulation-related diseases(AUB-C).The bleeding patterns of AUB during puberty are mainly irregular bleeding, prolonged menstrual period, heavy menstrual bleeding(HMB), intermenstrual bleeding, and absence of menstruation. Expert Consensus on Issues Related to Abnormal Uterine Bleeding during Puberty emphasizes the differential diagnosis of the etiology of AUB through inquiring a detailed medical history, physical examination, and auxiliary examinations. For adolescent females with acute HMB, the severity of bleeding and vital signs should be determined promptly and accurately, and the grade-based treatment should be carried out. The evaluations should include the degree of anemia caused by blood loss, serum ferritin levels, the presence or absence of endocrine disorders, and coagulation dysfunction. For adolescent females with acute HMB, the primary treatment methods include short-acting combined oral contraceptives and progestogen-based drugs for emergency hemostasis, but for some patients with refractory AUB who received adequate and standardized medications but the medications failed, surgical treatment or endometrial pathologic evaluation can be performed. Given that it is difficult for adolescent AUB-O patients to establish a regular menstrual cycle in a short term and that AUB-C patients have HMB in a long term, it is necessary to maintain medication after acute hemostasis to manage menstruation for a long time to avoid the recurrence of abnormal bleeding, and pay attention to follow-up and monitoring.]]> 2025/6/5 10:27:59 YANG Xin 12true ［Abstract］　Endometrial cancer is one of the malignant tumors of the female reproductive system, and the survival rate of the patients with advanced and recurrent endometrial cancer was significantly decreased. Traditional systemic therapies include chemotherapy and endocrine therapy. Approximately 90% of endometrial cancers are hormone receptor-positive. For slow-progressing, hormone receptor-positive endometrial cancers, endocrine therapy is the preferred first-line systemic therapy option. The Gynecologic Oncology Group of Chinese Medical Doctor Association Obstetricians and Gynecologists Branch organized the compilation of Chinese Expert Consensus on Endocrine Therapy for Recurrent Endometrial Cancer(2024 Edition), providing evidence-based recommendations covering the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and endocrine therapy of recurrent endometrial cancer. This consensus aims to standardize endocrine therapy practice for recurrent endometrial cancer in clinical settings.]]> 2025/6/5 10:27:59 1, WANG Zengying², WANG Yumeng², XIA Bairong^1,2]]> CHEN Yao¹, WANG Zengying², WANG Yumeng², XIA Bairong^1,2 11true ［Abstract］　The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease(GOLD) 2025 was released on November 11, 2024, with important updates on precision diagnosis, individualized treatment and multidisciplinary management. In terms of diagnosis and evaluation, GOLD 2025 recommends an evaluation process of combining clinical practice with pre- and post- bronchodilator spirometry, and recommends to use lung function tracking software to dynamically monitor the trajectory of lung function, and provides a more detailed introduction to the application of chest computed tomography(CT) in the quantitative evaluation of pulmonary emphysema and the scoring of airway mucus plugs, and suggests that chest CT has the potential to be an important tool for phenotypic recognition of chronic obstructive lung disease. In terms of treatment strategies, GOLD 2025 is more refined in the management of inhaled glucocorticoids, and clearly guides the blood eosinophil level to make decisions about the use and withdrawal of inhaled glucocorticoids, and GOLD 2025 is the first to introduce a new type of targeted drug, the inhaled dual PDE3/PDE4 inhibitor ensifentrine and a biological agent of dupilumab as maintenance treatment options for stable chronic obstructive lung disease. In terms of preventive measures, GOLD 2025 intensifies vaccination and climate adaptation recommendations. In terms of the management of complications, GOLD 2025 highlights the prevention and control of cardiovascular events and the stratified management of pulmonary hypertension. The above updates provide important guidance for the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and exploration of chronic obstructive lung disease.]]> 2025/3/1 0:00:00 1, WANG Fengyan¹, LIANG Zhenyu¹, CHEN Rongchang^1,2]]> LI Xueping¹, WANG Fengyan¹, LIANG Zhenyu¹, CHEN Rongchang^1,2 10true ［Abstract］　Pulmonary aspergillosis often occurs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), and can be manifested as invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and other types. Improper diagnosis and treatment will seriously affect the prognosis of the patients. With the deepening understanding of COPD and pulmonary aspergillosis, in 2024, Chinese Journal of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases published China′s first expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and established a risk assessment system and clinical diagnosis and treatment path for COPD patients with pulmonary aspergillosis, so as to improve the standard of diagnosis, treatment and the success rate of rescue for such patients. This paper interprets the relevant content of the consensus, making it convenient for clinicians to identify, diagnose and manage pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with COPD in a timely manner.]]> 2025/3/1 12:31:00 DENG Jia, LI Li 9true ［Abstract］　With continuous innovations in early diagnosis techniques and comprehensive treatment protocols for malignant tumors, the survival period of cancer patients has been significantly prolonged after standardized treatment. The health problems related to menopause caused by iatrogenic ovarian failure have become the core issue affecting the long-term quality of life of the tumor survivors. Menopausal hormone therapy(MHT) has long been listed as an absolute contraindication for women after tumor surgery due to the potential risk of tumor recurrence. However, in recent years, high-quality evidence-based data from large-sample cohort studies, meta-analyses, and multicenter randomized controlled trials have been emerging continuously, and the International Menopause Society, the North American Menopause Society and the Obstetrics and Gynecology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association have updated their guidelines, driving a paradigm shift in MHT from “complete prohibition” to “risk stratification and individualized precise application”. This paper systematically reviews the key updates to domestic and international core guidelines in recent years. It focuses on analyzing the definition of indications, the rationale for decreasing contraindications, optimization strategies for medication regimens, and the safety evidence chain for MHT in common female malignancies including breast cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer and cervical cancer after malignant tumor surgery. Furthermore, it deeply elucidates the logical evolution of MHT from an absolute contraindication to individualized application, while supplementing the detailed operations and special population management in clinical practice, providing a reference path with both evidence-based basis and practical value for the standardized implementation of menopausal health management in female patients with malignant tumors.]]> 2026/6/30 18:17:12 1, JU Rui^1,2, ZHAO Rongwei¹, ZHANG Jing¹, LI Xia¹]]> WANG Yu¹, JU Rui^1,2, ZHAO Rongwei¹, ZHANG Jing¹, LI Xia¹ 8true ［Abstract］　This paper provides an in-depth interpretation on Lifestyle Intervention, Treatment and Remission of Adult Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Prediabetes: the Clinical Practice Guidelines of the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, and systematically analyzes the first guideline for type 2 diabetes mellitus management centered on the six pillars of lifestyle intervention in the world. Combining the current situation of prevention and treatment of diabetes in China and comparing the latest research results at home and abroad, the applicability and implementation path of the recommendations of the guideline in Chinese populations are explored to provide a standardized and exercisable practical framework for diabetes remission.]]> 2026/5/29 19:40:21 1, TAN Lixin², GENG Lijuan², XU Zhangrong³, ZHANG Lili¹]]> LIU Jingtao¹, TAN Lixin², GENG Lijuan², XU Zhangrong³, ZHANG Lili¹ 7true ［Abstract］　European Association for the Study of the Liver(EASL) Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma is the authoritative guidelines formulated in 2025 by a multidisciplinary expert group covering pathology, radiology, oncology and hepatobiliary surgery, based on systematic evidence-based research and clinical experience integration. The guidelines cover a wide range of aspects of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, including classification, epidemiology, monitoring of high-risk populations, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up, and elaborate in detail on the full course of diagnosis and treatment regimens from early screening to palliative care in the late stage, providing clinicians with comprehensive and precise reference. Understanding and drawing on the guidelines will help to improve the diagnosis and treatment of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in China, and thereby providing the patients with higher-quality medical services.]]> 2026/5/29 19:40:21 1, DUAN Zhihua¹, ZHOU Junyu¹, WANG Ziquan², WANG Xiaohui¹, DUAN Wenbin¹, DUAN Xiaohui¹, CHEN Botao¹]]> HU Kuan¹, DUAN Zhihua¹, ZHOU Junyu¹, WANG Ziquan², WANG Xiaohui¹, DUAN Wenbin¹, DUAN Xiaohui¹, CHEN Botao¹ 6true ［Abstract］　The American Society of Clinical Oncology(ASCO) released the Updated Guideline on Fertility Preservation in Tumor Patients in 2025. The guideline systematically integrates the high-quality evidence in the past 10 years and provides comprehensive, stratified and more operable strategic guidance for fertility preservation in tumor patients. The updated guideline not only continues the emphasis on early intervention for fertility in the 2018 edition but also highlights the integration of fertility preservation into the full-course management of tumors. The core features of the updated guideline lie in optimizing the clinical pathways and decision-making frameworks for the established fertility preservation methods such as embryo or oocyte cryopreservation, ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation, and it strongly advocates for multidisciplinary collaboration and individualized patient counseling. This paper provides an in-depth interpretation of the updated key points on female fertility preservation in the guideline, with the aim of offering a reference for clinical practice in China.]]> 2026/3/31 9:16:41 LUO Zhuoye, HAO Guimin 5true ［Abstract］　With the malignant tumor patients showing a trend of getting younger and their survival rate significantly increasing, the fertility protection and preservation for the reproductive-age patients with gynecological malignancies have become a vital issue in the interdisciplinary field of reproductive health and tumor treatment. The release of Clinical Pathway for Fertility Protection and Preservation in Gynecological Malignancies(2025 edition) provides systematic and standardized guidance for clinical practice. This paper aims to interpret the two major parts in the clinical pathway, the “pathway for screening patients” and the “pathway for implementing fertility protection and preservation”, and explores the precise screening strategies for patients with the three major diseases of cervical cancer, endometrial cancer and ovarian malignancy, as well as the individualized measures for implementing fertility preservation. The goal is to enhance the standardization of female fertility protection and preservation and to provide reference and guidance for clinical practice.]]> 2026/3/31 9:16:41 1,2, LI Ping^1,2,3]]> YE Yaping^1,2, LI Ping^1,2,3 4true ［Abstract］　In May 2025, Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease(MASLD) in People with Diabetes: the Need for Screening and Early Intervention. A Consensus of the American Diabetes Association, was published in Diabetes Care. This consensus elaborates on the reasons for nomenclatural changes in MASLD, how to conduct risk stratification, current treatments and long-term monitoring and the importance of managements of MASLD by a multi-disciplinary professional team. In this paper, the authors interpret this consensus by combining the recent expert consensuses and clinical guidelines on diabetes complicated with MASLD at home and abroad, hoping to improve the understanding of MASLD and the disease risks associated with MASLD, and to screen, diagnose, treat and standardly manage prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) patients complicated with MASLD at an early stage.]]> 2026/2/28 0:00:00 1, XU Zhangrong², ZHANG Lili^3*]]> WANG Yun¹, XU Zhangrong², ZHANG Lili^3* 3true ［Abstract］　The prevalence rate of cyclic vomiting syndrome(CVS) is low in children, characterized by recurrent vomiting, which seriously affects the quality of life of the affected children. At present, the pathogenesis of CVS is not yet clear, and there is a lack of evidence-based treatment regimens. The clinical treatment process lacks consistency and standardization. In 2025, China released the Guidelines for Treatment of Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome in Children(2025), aiming to guide and standardize the clinical treatment practice of CVS in children in China. In the same year, North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition also released Guidelines for Management of Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome in Children(2025), replacing the 2008 version of the recommendations of the society on CVS. This paper mainly analyzes and interprets the similarities and differences between the two guidelines, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for clinical practice and offer references for clinicians to select appropriate prevention and treatment regimens.]]> 2026/2/28 11:50:11 WANG Jian, XU Xiwei 2true ［Abstract］　European Society for Medical Oncology(ESMO) guidance on the use of Large Language Models in Clinical Practice(ELCAP), released by ESMO in 2025(the 2025 ELCAP), provides the first international consensus framework for the standardized application of large language models(LLMs) in oncology. This paper aims to deeply interpret the core essence of the 2025 ELCAP from the perspective of experts in the integration of medicine and engineering, and explores the unique challenges faced by the 2025 ELCAP in the clinical application of oncology in China. The 2025 ELCAP utilizes a Delphi consensus process to categorize LLMs applications into three primary systems: patient-facing(type 1), healthcare professional-facing(type 2), and background management(type 3), and establishes 22 key consensus statements. The authors believe that the release of the 2025 ELCAP marks the transition of AI oncology from “spontaneous exploration” toward “standardized governance”. Its core value lies in the establishment of risk prevention and control principles based on “human-machine collaboration and human oversight”. In light of the clinical environment in China, this paper suggests focusing on the vertical optimization of Chinese medical LLMs, the establishment of hierarchical regulatory systems that align with local ethical requirements, and the development of auxiliary decision-making interfaces featuring Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) characteristics. These efforts aim to facilitate the reliable translation of generative AI within precision oncology.]]> 2026/1/31 11:24:05 1, WU Bin², NIU Niu³]]> LIU Hu¹, WU Bin², NIU Niu³ 1true